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    Support of Establishment, Development and Mobility of Quality Research Teams at the Charles University CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0061



    This electronic course in embryology provides basic characteristics of mechanisms responsible for the formation of a multicellular organism and its tissues. The course covers:
    • Proliferation
    • Differentiation
    • Induction
    • Migration
    • Apoptosis

    All these principles except induction participates in development of an adult organism. Knowledge of these topics is required in the final examination of Histology and Embryology.

    Students of Dentistry also have to study the text on Development of the nervous tissue,  Neural crest and its derivatives (see the attached file).

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    PROLIFERATION

    Cell proliferation is required to form a multicellular organism. The topic covers the following items:

    • Proliferation, cleavage.
    • Control of cell proliferation.
    • Participation of proliferation in morphogenesis.
    • Stem cells.

    Description of the topic is provided in the attached file "PROLIFERATION". Additional information on stem cells can be found on the web site below.

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    DIFFERENTIATION

    Cell differentiation gives rise to populations of cells with specialized functions required for particular tissue. Cell differentiation allows to create diverse tissues. The topic covers the following issues:

    • Characterization of cell differentiation.
    • Control of cell differentiation.

    Description of the topic is provided in the attached file "DIFFERENTIATION".

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    INDUCTION

    In induction two adjacent tissues interact in that manner the first tissue directs the development of the adjacent tissue to a new way. This process allows formation of very complex structures that otherwise would not appear at all. The topic covers the following items:

    • Characterization of induction.
    • Regulatory factors.
    • Series of inductions.

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    MIGRATION

    Migration is another important mechanism that allows development of a complex organisms. The topic covers the following issues:

    • Characterization of cell migration.
    • Examples of cells migrating in developing embryo.

    Description of the topic can be found in the attached file „MIGRATION“.

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    APOPTOSIS

    The topic explains a role of the apoptosis in development of multicellular organisms and covers the following issues:

    • Definition of apoptosis and its control.
    • Morphology of apoptosis.
    • Role of apoptosis in development and adulthood.

    Description of the topic can be found in the file „APOPTOSIS“.

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    CONCLUSION

    The files "Print 1 and 2" can be used for printing. Part 1 covers cell proliferation, differentiation and stem cells; part 2 covers induction, migration and apoptosis.

    References:

    Filip, S., Mokrý, J., Hruška, I. Kmenové buňky. Galén, Praha, 2006, 223 p.
    Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V. N. The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology. 8th ed. Saunders, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2008, 522 p.